Polio Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Polio, including details on symptoms, treatment, vaccines, causes, virus.

Nonhuman primate intestinal villous M-like cells: an effective poliovirus entry site.

Takahashi Y, Misumi S, Muneoka A, Masuyama M, Tokado H, Fukuzaki K, Takamune N, Shoji S

Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan.

Humans and some Old World monkeys, chimpanzees, and cynomolgus macaques, are susceptible to oral poliovirus (PV) infection. Interestingly, rhesus macaques, although sensitive to injected PV, are not susceptible to gut infection. Not much is known about the initial event of gut infection by PV in rhesus macaques so far. Here, we show that PV can efficiently enter the lamina propria (LP) by penetrating across intestinal villous M-like cells in rhesus macaques. We found by immunofluorescence analysis that PV effectively invades LP rather than germinal centers (GCs) in rhesus macaques despite expressing PV receptor CD155 on cells within GCs and LP. Furthermore, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that gold-labeled PV is spatiotemporally internalized into villous M-like cells and engulfed by macrophage-like cells in LP. These results suggest that rhesus macaques may be resistant to productive gut PV infection owing to a defective translocation of PV to GCs.

Published 4 March 2008 in Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 368(3): 501-7.
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Articles on Polio published 29 January 2008:

Actual and perceived activity levels in polio survivors and older controls: a longitudinal study.   Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89(2): 297-303.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with daily step activity, perceived activity, maximum walking speed, and walking speed reserve over time in polio survivors and older adults with no history of polio. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: A research clinic and the community. PARTICIPANTS: Polio survivors (n=96; 65 in postpolio syndrome [PPS] group, 31 in non-PPS group) and older adults (n=112) with no history of polio. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily step ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 9 January 2008:

Failure to detect infection by oral polio vaccine virus following natural exposure among inactivated polio vaccine recipients.   Epidemiol Infect, 136(2): 180-3.

While oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been shown to be safe and effective, it has been observed that it can circulate within a susceptible population and revert to a virulent form. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) confers protection from paralytic disease, but provides limited protection against infection. It is possible, then, that an IPV-immunized population, when exposed to OPV, could sustain undetected circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This study examines the possibility of polio ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 16 November 2007:

Vaccination against polio should not be stopped.   Nat Rev Microbiol, 5(12): 952-8.

The striking 50-year-long decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis has stalled in the past 7 years, which has led to calls for an urgent re-assessment of eradication and post-eradication campaign strategies. The current plan of eliminating the circulation of wild poliovirus so that further immunization will be unnecessary does not take into account recent scientific data and political realities that limit the likelihood that this strategy can sustain prevention of the disease. It is crucially ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 26 September 2007:

Effect of carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in former polio patients.   J Rehabil Med, 39(8): 651-7.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of total-contact fitted carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) on energy cost of walking in patients with former polio who normally wear a conventional leather/metal KAFO or plastic/metal KAFO. DESIGN: A prospective uncontrolled study with a multiple baseline and follow-up design. Follow-up measurements continued until 26 weeks after intervention. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty adults with polio residuals (mean age 55 years). INTERVENTION: Each participant ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Oxygen consumption, oxygen cost and physiological cost index in polio survivors: a comparison of walking without orthosis, with an ordinary or a carbon-fibre reinforced plastic knee-ankle-foot orthosis.   J Rehabil Med, 39(8): 646-50.

OBJECTIVE: To examine, for polio survivors, whether walking with a carbon-fibre reinforced plastic knee-ankle-foot orthosis (carbon KAFO) is more efficient than walking with an ordinary KAFO or without an orthosis. DESIGN: Consecutive sample. SETTING: Post-polio clinic, University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven polio survivors who had a carbon KAFO prescribed at the post-polio clinic. INTERVENTIONS: A carbon KAFO was ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 6 August 2007:

Osteoporosis in a postpolio clinic population.   Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 88(8): 1030-5.

OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the frequency of osteoporosis at the hip and lumbar spine in a postpolio clinic population and (2) the association of lower-extremity muscle strength and other potential contributing factors to osteoporosis with bone density measured at the hip. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study involving a chart review. SETTING: A university-affiliated hospital postpolio clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Patient charts (N=379) were reviewed; 164 (26%) were included, and 215 (74%) were not included ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 3 August 2007:

Randomized trial of inactivated and live polio vaccine schedules in Guatemalan infants.   J Infect Dis, 196(5): 692-8.

BACKGROUND: The immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in developing countries is not well documented. This study compared the immune response to IPV with that to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in Guatemalan infants. METHODS: This was an open-label, randomized comparison of IPV only, OPV only, or IPV followed by OPV in Guatemalan public health clinics. Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies, and stool samples were tested for Sabin strain polioviruses. RESULTS: ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Polio published 22 May 2007:

The long-term outcomes of human West Nile virus infection.   Clin Infect Dis, 44(12): 1617-24.

Since its introduction to North America in 1999, human infection with West Nile virus (WNV) has resulted in considerable acute morbidity and mortality. Although the ongoing epidemic has resulted in a great increase in our understanding of the acute clinical features of human illness and helped to define associated clinical syndromes, far less is known about potential long-term clinical and functional sequelae. Several recent assessments, however, suggest that patients--even those with ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

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